The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) faces a historic shift as leaders of the regional bloc have approved the withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger—three nations currently under military rule. However, to preserve ties, ECOWAS has extended a six-month grace period, allowing the countries to reconsider their decision.

Founding Members Depart

Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, founding members of ECOWAS since its establishment in 1975, announced plans to leave the bloc in January 2025. This decision follows their refusal to comply with ECOWAS’s demands to restore democratic governance after recent military coups in these nations.

The departure of these three countries deals a significant blow to ECOWAS, which has long been a cornerstone of economic and political integration in West Africa. Citizens of ECOWAS member states currently enjoy the right to live and work across borders, with free movement of goods. The withdrawal raises questions about how these freedoms will be affected.

A New Bloc Emerges

The departing states have formed a new alliance, the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), which has already announced visa-free travel and residency rights for ECOWAS citizens. Leaders of AES emphasize that this decision reflects a spirit of friendship and a desire to maintain long-standing cultural and historical ties across the region.

Despite these assurances, the three nations remain among the poorest in West Africa, and most migration flows traditionally move from these landlocked states to wealthier coastal countries within ECOWAS.

ECOWAS Negotiates a Transitional Period

During a summit in Nigeria, ECOWAS leaders expressed respect for the decision of the Sahel nations but emphasized the hope for reconciliation. They offered a transitional period from 29 January to 29 July 2025, during which the three countries can rejoin the bloc if they choose.

Negotiations, led by Senegal’s President Bassirou Diomaye Faye and Togo’s Faure Gnassingbé, will continue in an effort to mend relations. Yet, the Sahel states maintain that their decision to leave is “irreversible,” as confirmed in a joint statement following a ministerial meeting in Niger’s capital, Niamey.

Challenges Ahead for Regional Cooperation

The withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger poses serious challenges for regional unity. ECOWAS stands to lose 76 million people—a significant portion of its population—as well as more than half of its geographical land area.

In a statement, ECOWAS Commission President Omar Touray described the impending exit as “disheartening,” but acknowledged the value of ongoing mediation efforts. Meanwhile, AES Chairman and Mali’s military leader Assimi Goïta assured that the right of ECOWAS citizens to move and reside within AES territory freely would remain intact, signaling a willingness to maintain amicable relations.

Underlying Tensions

Relations between ECOWAS and the Sahel states have been strained since the military coups in Mali (2020), Burkina Faso (2022), and Niger (2023). ECOWAS suspended the membership of these nations and condemned the coups, demanding a return to civilian rule.

However, the military juntas have resisted these calls and shifted their alliances toward Russia, accusing ECOWAS of being too aligned with Western powers. This geopolitical pivot underscores the deepening divisions within the region.

What Lies Ahead?

As ECOWAS prepares for the formal departure of the Sahel states, the bloc’s leadership is tasked with navigating this unprecedented split. The coming months will determine whether negotiations can bridge the growing divide or if the departure of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger will mark a permanent fracture in West African unity.